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Fop EsLimates, address 
1 



FRANK C. PERKINS, DUNKIRK, N. Y 




is 

IRespectfulU^ iDeMcateD 

to tbe 

Senior ClasQ 

of 

Cornell "dufversft^, 

1891. 




Cornell University: 



HER 



GENERAL AND TECHNICAL COURSES 



BY 



Frank C. Perkins, 

(ASSOCIATE MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERS.) 




i^ 



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'I would fojnd an institution where any person can find instruction in any study." — EZRA CORNELL. 





Art-Printing Works of Matthews, Northrup & Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 
. 1 S91 . 



COPYRIGHT, 1891, 

Br 

FRANK C. PERKIKS, 

DUNKIRK, N. Y. 



Single Copies of "this book will be mailed, prepaid to any address, on receipt 
of price. Address as above. 



ll'W, 



1^1 1. 



preface. 




N THE preparation of this work, the object has been to give tlie readers a pictorial and 
descriptive view of the opportunities offered by Cornell University for General and 
Technical education. 

The General Courses include those leading to degrees in Arts, Philosophy, Let- 
ters, and Science. The facilities offered in tlie several branches included in these courses are believed to 
be unsurpassed in this country ; and they will be found duly set forth in the illustrations and in the 
descj'iptive text. 

The Technical Courses include Agriculture, Architecture, Chemistry, Civil Engineering, Electrical 
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and LaAv. In all of these departments the material equipment 
is excellent ; in the most of them it is believed to be unequalled. The illustrations and descriptions 
are designed to show the o[)portunities that are so abundantly offered in so luan}'^ branches of human 
knowledge. In 1890-91 the corps of instruction contains the names of one hundred and seven })ro- 
fessors and instructors, besides twenty-live special lecturers. The number of students enrolled during 
the same year is 1,382, of whom more than a hundred are pursuing graduate courses. 

PRANK C. PERKINS. 

Cornell Univeksity, Ithaca. N. Y., April, ISOl. 



CONTENTS. 



1. The Founders, 

2. The Campus, . 

3. The Library Building, 

4. The Library Room, 

5. Sage College, 

6. The Conservatory, 

7. Barnes Hall, 

8. Interior of Barnes Hall, 

9. The Armory, 
10. The Gymnasium, 
IL Museum of Natural History, 

12. Physiological Lecture Eoom, 

13. The Chemical Laboratory, 

14. Interior of Chemical Laboratory, 

15. The Laboratory of Physics, 

16. Laboratory op Electrical Engineering, 

17. General Dynamo Room, 















PAGE. 




Morrill, Cornell, White, Sibley, ... 8 




President Adams, 






10 




Mr. Henry W. Sage, . 










12 




George W. Harris, 










14 




Mrs. Hooker, 










16 




Professor Prentiss, 










18 




Mr. A. S. Barnes, 










20 




Professor Schurman, 










22 




Professor Tutlierly, 










24 




Professor Hitchcock, 










26 




Professor Wilder, 










28 




Professor Gage, . 










30 




Professor Caldwell, 










32 




Professor Newhwry, 










34 




Professor Nichols, 










36 


NG, 


Professor Moler, 










38 


. 


Professor Ryan, . . . . . 




40 




6 













CONTENTS. 



18. Freehand Drawing Room, . 

19. Latin Lecture Eooai, .... 

20. Greek Lecture Room, .... 
2L Historical Seminary Room, 

22. Morrill Hall, ..... 

23. Agricultural Building, 

24. Insectary, ...... 

25. Lincoln Hall, 

26. Museum of Civil Engineering, . 

27. Junior Laboratory, .... 

28. Architectural Library" Room, 

29. Architectural Lecture Room, 

30. Sibley College, 

31. Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, 

32. .AtACHiKE Shop, . ._ . . . 

33. Forging Shop, ..... 

34. Iron and Bronze Foundry, 

35. Wood Turning Shop, .... 



Professor Cleaves, 
Professor Hale, . 
Professor Wheeler, 
Professor Tuttle, 
Dean Boardman, 
Professor Roberts, 
Professor Comstock, 
Professor Fuertes, 
Professor Crandall, 
Professor Church, 
Professor Bahcock, 
Professor Osborne, 
Professor Thurston, 
Professor Carpenter, 
Professor Morris, 
Instructor Granger, 
Instructor Vanderhoef, 
Instructor Wood, 



PAGE. 

42 
44 
46 
48 
50 
52 
54 
56 
58 
60 
62 
64 
66 
iSS 
70 
72 
74 
76 



1» Zbc fonnbcve 




ROM tlie Federal Land Grant of 1862, which was introduced into Congress by the 
Honorable Justin S. Morrill of Vermont, the portion i-eceived by New York was 
990,000 acres. Every State was required to devote the fund received from the sale of the 
land-scrip to at least one institution of learning, in which, without excluding other 
branches, the main object should be the teaching of those studies which relate to 
Agriculture and the Mechanic Arts. 

In 1865 Ezra Cornell, then a n)ember of the New York Senate, offered to give $500,000 for the 
University on condition that the institution should be located in Ithaca. This condition was complied 
with, and the University was opened for instruction in October, 1868. Subsequently, Mr. Cornell 
bought of the State a large part of the scrip, binding himself to devote to the University all the profits 
derived from the sale of the lands. Mr. CornelTs endowment and the profits resulting from his wise 
policy have already amounted to more than $5,0' '0,000. 

Associated with Mr. Cornt^l in the New York Senate was the Honorable Andrew D. White, who for 
several years had been a professor of history in the Universit}^ of Michigan. He not only became Mr. 
Cornell's adviser, but he shaped the early history of the University, and was its President from its 
beginning until his resignation in 1886. 

Soon after the establishment of the University Mr. Hiram Sibley of Rochester founded and par- 
tially equipped the Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and the Mechanic Arts, by gifts amount- 
ing to date to nearly $200,000. 

8 



>%^ -it 







2. Zhc Site of tbe IHniversit^. 




ORNELL UNIVERSITY is situated on the eastern slope of the Cayuga Lake valley, 
some five hundred feet above the head of the lake. This body of water stretches away 
in full view more than twenty miles to the north ; and the valley leading to it extends 
some twelve or fifteen miles in the opposite direction, the whole forming a landscape of 
unsurpassed beauty. In the gorges between which the university is situated the waters 
of Cascadilla and Fall creeks descend more than five hundred feet in a succession of most picturesque 
cataracts and cascades. 

The University domain, consisting of about two hundred and seventy acres, lies upon the somewhat 
undulating plateau between Fall Creek Grorge and Cascadilla Ravine. While the eastern portion of 
about one hundred and fifty acres is devoted to the uses of the College of Agriciilture, a plateau near 
the western side constitutes what is known as the campus. The grounds have been laid out with great 
care, are decorated with ornamental trees and shrubs, and are made to illustrate the courses of instruc- 
tion in botany, horticulture, and arboriculture. Upon the grounds there are eight stone buildings, 
five brick buildings, and thirty-one residences of professors and other officers. The view in the 
opposite cut is that taken from Sage College looking toward the northwest. At the opposite or 
south end of the campus is the Gymnasium. President Charles Kendall Adams has been at bhe head 
of the University since 1885. 

10 



3. ^be Xibrar^ BuilMno. 




HROUGH the munificence of the Honorable Henry W. Sage the University was enabled, 
in 1889, to begin the erection of the library building, a view of which is offered on the 
opposite page. The building was planned with great care for the purpose of providing 
in the most convenient form all the desirable ai.)pointments of a modern university 
library. Convenient storage is furnished for four hundred and eighty thousand volumes ; and the 
reading room will accommodate three hundred and fifty readers. There are two rooms for the storage 
of books, a consulting library on the walls of the reading room, a special room for the accommoda- 
tion of the President White library of forty thousand volumes in History and Political Science, 
and eight seminary rooms, where special classes will find the books most needed for the advanced 
work of original investigation. The exterior of the building is constructed of Ohio and Lake Superior 
sandstone, and the structure is strictly fire-proof in all its parts. The tower is to carry the clock 
and the University chime. It is expected that the building will be ready for occupation in the sum- 
mer of 1891. Besides erecting the building at an expense of nearly three hundred thousand dollars, 
Mr. Sage gives an endowment of three hundred thousand dollars, as a perpetual fund, the income of 

which is forever to be devoted to the purchasing of books. 

13 



4. ZTbe Xlbrar^ IRoom. 




NTIL the new library building is completed the general library will continue to occupy, as 
it has for nearly twenty years, the large room on the ground floor of McGraw Hall. 
Here and in the adjacent rooms is accommodated the general library of the University, 
now consisting of nearly one hundred and ten thousand volumes. The library has been 
selected with special care. The Anthon Library of nearly seventeen thousand volumes, the Bopp 
Library of nearly three thousand volames, the Groldwin Smith Library of thirty-five hundred vol- 
umes, the Sparks Library of more than five thousand volumes, have all been supplemented from 
time to time in such a way as to contribute most to the needs of professors and students. The 
President White Library of History and Political Science, consisting of nearly forty thousand volumes, 
is peculiarly rich in books on the History of Superstition, on the Reformation, on the French Revo- 
lution, and on the Civil War. The library has on file for the use of readers and students of the Uni- 
versity the current numbers of more than five hundred literary and scientific periodicals. The staff 
required to administer the library and make it most accessible to professors and students consists of 

eleven persons. The librarian is Mr. George W. Harris. 

14 



5. Saoe College, 




HE SAGE COLLEGtE for women was erected between 1874 and 1876 by Mr. Henry W. 
Sage. The building with its endowment was presented by this princely benefactor on 
condition thar education should forever be provided for women as broadly as for men. 
The building, of which a view is given on the opposite page, presents a fagade one 
hundred and sixty-eight feet in length, a depth of forty-one feet, and a height of four stories. The 
north wing extends toward the east eighty-live feet, and the south wing one hundred and twelve 
feet in the same direction. The building is a home for students, and does not constitute a separate 
department or school The young women attending Cornell University receive the same instruction 
as young men. In a separate gymnasium, however, the young women are required to take exercise 
under the dii'ection of a professor of physical culture. Besides the private rooms, dining hall, and par- 
lors, the building contains a large lecture room, museums, laboratories, green-houses, forcing-houses, 
and other necessary facilities for the pursuit of botany, floriculture, and ornamental gardening. 

The business manager, Mr. E. P. Gilbert, has charge of all the material interests of the college, 
including the care of the students' rooms and the dining table ; while the moral and social interests of 

the young women are entrusted to the piincipal, Mrs. Ellen K. Hooker. 

16 






w% 



I- ,4 




f^ff 







6. Botanical Bepartment. 




HE BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT is located in the south wing of Sage College. The 
lecture room has a seating capacity of about two hundred. There are two laboratories, 
one for Phanerogamic, the other for Cryptogamic work. The museum and Cryptogamic 
laboratory are on the second floor. Tlie apparatus, storage, duplicate, pressing, and 
drying rooms are on the third floor. The laboratories are supplied with work tables, simple and 
compound microscopes, and reagents and apparatus for histological and physiological work. Some 
fifteen thousand species of plants are represented in the general herbarium. In the museum are 
found woods, cones, barks, flbers, oils, gums, fruits, and various vegetable products in alcoholic and 
dried specimens. Among other facilities for instruction and illustration are models, diagrams, charts, 
wall maps, and a stereopticon with some five hundred views of plants, and their parts, and the vegeta- 
tion of different countries. Connected with the laboratory are the conservatories, consisting of a range 
of five plant houses. These supply at all times living' plants for use in the laboratory and lecture room. 
Ten courses of instruction are offered, a general course extending through the year being followed by 
more special courses, which, in turn, are followed by opportunities for individual work and investiga- 
tion. Professor A. N. Prentiss is at the head of the department. 



7. Barnes Iball. 




ARNES HALL is the special abode of the students' Christian Association of Cornell 
University. The building was given to the University by Mr. A. S. Barnes, the emi- 
nent piTblisher of New York, for the purposes of the Christian Association and such 
other uses of the University as might not conflict with the needs of the Association. 
The dimensions of the building are one hundred and twenty by eighty feet. The tower rises to 
a height of one hundred feet. The material is brick, with trimmings of Ohio stone, brown stone, and 
granite. The building contains a secretary's room, two assembly-rooms, a library, a reading room, and 
all other needed accommodations for the work of the association. While the building is warmed with 
steam, the library and several of the smaller rooms are furnished with fire-places for purposes of more 
complete ventilation. Through the generosity of General A. C. Barnes, a library has been furnished 
the Christian Association, consisting of nearly one thousand volumes of works most needed for refer- 
ence and the modern methods of Biblical study. In the periodical room some thirt}^ periodicals and 
journals are constantly on tile. In 1890-91 the Cornell Students' Christian Association has a member- 
ship of five hundred and forty-one. 

30 



S, flnterior of Barnee Iball. 




HE VIEW on the opposite page shows the auditorium of Barnes Hall, in which many of 
the lectures in history, English literature, and other branches are delivered. In this 
hall and in the room adjacent is given a considerable part of the instruction in the 
Sage School of Philosophy. This school, founded by a gift of two hundred and sev- 
enty thousand dollars by Mr. Henry W. Sage, and a supplementary appropriation of nearly the same 
sura by the University, consists of the most complete facilities for the study of the various branches 
of philosophy and ethics. The corps of instruction consists of a Professor of Philosoj)hy, a Professor 
of Pedagogy, a Professor of Psychology, a Professor of the History and Philosophy of Religion and 
of Christian Ethics, two Assistant Professors, and one Instructor. It is announced that the scho 1 
will be fully equipped before the beginning of the college year 1891-92. The material equipmei fc 
of the school, besides the necessary rooms for lectures and instruction, will comprise the requisite 
seminary rooms and the most complete facilities for carrying on investigations in Physiological and 
Experimental Psychology. Professor J. G. Schurman is Dean of the school. 

22 



9. TLY)C flDUitar^ Department. 




HE CONGRESSIONAL enactment of 1862, from which a portion of the University funds 
was derived, requires instruction in military tactics ; and an officer of the United States 
Army is stationed at the University as military professor. Required drill is confined to 
the freshman and sophomore classes, though the upper classes usually supply the 
commissioned officers. The "" Aronory mid GymnasiuTn" is a model building in plan for 
its dual purpose, though an extension has recently been provided for to meet the increasing number of 
students, which has more than doubled since its construction in 1883. The National Government sup- 
plies arms, equipments, and ammunition, and a neat, inexpensive uniform is worn during drill. The 
military organization in 1890-91 aggregates 641 Cadets, and comprises a regiment and a separate 
company of Infantry, an Artillery platoon, and a military band. Instruction is so conducted as to 
develop a soldier-like bearing and foster the spirit of gentlemanly courtesy and obedience, as well as to 
familiarize students with drill regulations. 

There is a brief course in Military Science, and graduates who have shown special aptitude for mili- 
tary service are given a Military Certificate, and are also reported to the War Department and State 
Government, and the names of the three most distinguished, in military science and tactics, are pub- 
lished in the "Army Register." Capt. H. E. Tutherly is at the head of the department. 

24 



10. Zhe (B^mnasium. 




HE view shows the east half of the Main Hall, a room one hundred and fifty feet long, 
sixty wide, and forty high, lighted by electricity, and heated by steam. Connected with 
it by a short corridor are the offices of the Department, dressing, bath, and repair 
rooms. The gymnasinm is well equipped with modern appliances for the carrying, 
out of i)rescribed exercises for individuals as well as with a full supply of all the ordinary kinds of 
apparatus for class work. Here every working day throughout year, Saturdays excepted, the Asthenic 
Class assembles for instruction. This class is composed of students from all Departments of the 
University, who, in the physical examinations made by the director, are found to be physically 
deficient. These meet with the Instructor for exercise apportioned to their needs. Here, too, under his 
supervision, these same students carry out the exercises prescribed at the office for the remedying of 
their individual deficiencies. In the Winter term are held the class exercises of Freshmen and 
Sophomores as required by the University. 

At the annex, in Sage College, is the Gymnasium for Avomen. where each working day throughout 
the year, excepting Saturdays, required exercises are conducted by the Director. These exercises are 
mainly those known as Light Gymnastics. The Professor of Physical Culture is Edward Hitchcock, 

Jr., M. D, 

26 



n. ^bc (Beneral flDuseum of IKlatural Ibistor^. 




HE VERTEBRATE division of the museum includes animals from man to fishes. Though 
no attempt has been made to obtain all of the many thousand species, certain forms 
have been selected, prepared, and arranged to illustrate important facts or principles of 
structure, function, development, and relationship. For example, of the two thousand 



living mammal^, a fair idea of the appearance and habits of all may be gained from the single case 
where are placed twenty species with anatomical preparations displaying the features that lead zoolo- 
gists to associate creatures apparently so unlike as whales and bats, monkeys and seals. 

In the arrangement and increase of the museum, its main purpose as an essential adjunct to instruc- 
tion has never been lost sight of. Its characteristic features are : First, the large number of prepara- 
tions of the heart and brain, and of embryos ; and secondly, the perfection of individual specimens. 
A special effort has been made to illustrate the development of species both by a series of embryos 
and by preparations exhibiting the anatomical resemblances between the various orders of the animal 
creation. Quality, not quantity, has constantly been aimed at ; yet the museum contains a vast 
number of objects of general interest, including nearly, if not qaite, all the birds and fishes of this 
vicinity. Professor B. Gr. Wilder is the Professor of Physiology and the Curator of the Museum. 

28 



12. pbi^sioIOG^ an^ IDertebrate XooIoq^. 




HE ACCOMPANYING illustration gives a view of the room in which a large part of the 
instrnction in this department is given. It consists of two general courses of lectures, 
four special courses, and two advanced courses. In Physiology, the brain and organs of 
sense are treated with a view to prepare students for the course on the Morphology of 
the brain and for Psychology. The lectures are given in the room shown in the cut, and 
are illustrated with a manikin and a variety of other models, by specimens and diagrams, and by pain- 
less experiments. All the members of the class are put to the practical work of dissecting cats, sheeps, 
brains, eyes, and hearts, ns well as to the careful examination of mici'oscopic preparations. In Verte- 
brate Zoology the several groups and classes are illustrated with the aid of s])ecimens and diagrams, and 
students are put to the study of representative forms by dissection. The special course on the Mor- 
phology of the Brain is designed to afford opportunity for the most careful study. In the remaining 
five courses, while lectures are given, the main stress is laid upon the work done in the laboratory by 
each student in the application of the most apjjroved methods and in the use of the best and latest 
literature of each subject. In the two advanced courses abundant opportunity is offered for research 
in human and comparative anatomy, histology, and systematic zoology. The work of the departnjent 
is jjeculiarly adapted to the needs of students intending to study medicine as a profession. Professor 
S. H. Grage is in charge of Microscopical Technology. 

30 



13. ^be Cbemical Xaborator^. 




ORSE HALL, a brick building of a plain but dignified style of architecture, erected in 

1889-90 for the exclusive use of the chemical department, commands from its west 

windows the finest of all views of the valley, lake, and hills beyond. 

Built in the so-called Mill construction method, it is as nearly fire-proof as any 

building can be that is not made altogether of incombustible materials. In order that all the rooms 

may be as light as possible, the walls are really only piers between the windows of exceptionally 

large size. 

The building contains fifty rooms. In the basement, which is as well lighted as any other part, are 

situated the qualitative and organic laboratories. The first floor is devoted almost entirely to instruction 

in quantitative analysis; while on the third floor, besides several small rooms, are located a great lecture 

room for general chemistry, a large student laboratory for beginners, and the chemical museum. The 

senior officer in the department is Dr. Gr. C. Caldwell, Professor of Analytic and Agricultural Chemistry. 

82 



14. ^be 2)epartment of Cbemistr^. 




HE LARGE lecture room of the chemical laboratory has three hundred and fifty-two seats, 
and in all the laboratories together there are places for six hundred students working 
simultaneously. Reservoir water and gas are supplied at each student's place, and dis- 
tilled water, oxygen, hydrogen, air-blast, and suction are conveyed in pipes to every 
room where needed. Special supplies of chemicals or apparatus are drawn by the students as wanted, 
from the general supj)]y room on the first fioor, conveniently accessible from all parts of the building. 
Accessible to all students in one of the rooms on the first floor is a reference library of fourteen hundred 
volumes, comprising complete sets of all the important chemical journals, and a large number of other 
works, old and recent, relating to all branches of chemistry. 

The teaching force of the chemical department consists at present of nine professors and instructors. 
These give instruction in both the lecture room and the laboratory, in general chemistry, qualitative 
and quantitative analysis, and in organic chemistry, and, besides, in special branches of work in special 
rooms devoted to these purposes, such as gas, iron, water, sanitary and spectroscopic analysis. Dr. 

S. B. Newbury is Professor of General and Organic Chemistry. 

34 



X5. ^bc Xaborator^ Of pb^0ic6. 




HE BUILDING exclusively occupied by the Department of Physics is called Franklin 
Hall, "In honor of the first American electrician," whose head in terra-cotta bas-relief 
adorns the door- way. 

At the time of its erection in 1883, Franklin Hall, which was designed as a jjhysical 
and chemical laboratory combined, was deemed ample for the accommodation of both 
departments. At the present time, however, the entire building is given over to the study of experi- 
mental physics. On the first floor is the large lecture room especially equipped for demonstrations. It 
is here that the student begins his acquaintance with the science which, if he be an engineer, will occupy 
moi'e or less of his time during three years of his college course. Besides other recitation rooms, the 
cabinet of apparatus occupying three large rooms adjoining the lecture room, and the laboratories for 
practice work in general physics, applied electricity, photomety, and practical jihotography, Franklin 
Hall contains many rooms where original investigation can be carried on. Research, indeed, is regarded 
as a very important feature of the work of the department, and it forms an essential element in the 
training of all advanced students in physics. Such students come to it well equipped after a year of 
lectures and recitations, a year in the junior laboratories, and a year of more difficult work in heat and 
applied electricity. At the head of the dei)artment is Professor E. L. Nichols. 

36 



16. ^be Xaboratori? of lEIectrical lEriGineerino* 




HE DYNAMO LABORATORY, of which a view is shown on the opposite page, is be- 
lieved to be the largest college dynarao-room in this country, if not in the world. It 
contains no machines that are used in regular lighting service, but is devoted entireh^ to 
the experimental study of dynamos and motors. The floor space is 40 x 70 feet ; there 
are three lines of main shafting overhead that are driven by steam and water power. 
The collection of dynamos includes nearly all the well known commercial types, together with many 
machines of unusual form, constructed especially for experimental purposes. These machines are of 
various sizes, from twenty horse-power down, and they are arranged with special reference to the 
requirements of experimental work. 

An important part of the work in applied electricity, the measurement of currents and electromo- 
tive forces, together with a detailed study of storage batteries, arc-lamps, voltameters and electric 
meters, is carried on in the annex to Franklin Hall, which is a substantial one-story building 100x37 
feet. Operations of extreme precision are conducted in the Magnetic Observatory, an isolated building 
entirely free from iron, which contains the great galvanometer and other standard instruments for 
measuring current and potential, and the magnetic elements. Professor Gr. S. Moler is in charge of this 
laboratory. 

38 



17. ^be 'inniversit^ Xiobting Di^namo IRoom. 




HE DYNAMOS that are used for University lighting, hei^ewith shown, are arranged to be 
operated with the greatest economy and satisfaction, as well as to afford opportunity 
for complete '"plant" testing by students of electrical engineering. They have been 
placed in the steam-engine laboratory in the closest proximity to the sources of water 
and steam power. For the incandescent lighting of shops, laboratories, and offices, cur- 
rent is obtained from an Edison five hundred light dynamo, a gift to the University by Mr. Edison. 
Arc-lamps in shops and armory, and on the campus, are supplied with current from a forty-arc light 
alternator, presented to the University by the Westinghouse Electric Company. 

The dynamos are so installed that they may be driven by water or steam power, or both. Ordi- 
narily they are operated by water power, furnished by the turbine water wheel in the Ithaca Gorge, and 
are driven from the shop main-line shaft by belting through a jack-shaft. This connection to the line 
shaft is made automatically when the machines are to be started so that the line shaft does not have 
to be stopped. The jack-shaft is equipped with friction-clutch pulleys of the most approved make, 
enabling each machine to be started and stopped independently. A Straight-Line Automatic engine is 
so arranged that it can be belted to the jack-shaft at any time without stopping, and is thus used ordi- 
narily to help the water-power over the maximum demand for power in the shops and for lights that 
occurs between five and six o'clock. The dynamo room is in charge of Professor H. J. Ryan. 

40 



18, flnbuetrial Brawing anb Hrt, 




|HIS DEPARTMENT occupies four rooms, constituting the whole upper floor and part of 
the second floor of the main building of Sibley College, and supplies instruction in draw- 
ing, both industrial and artistic, not only to the technical classes of the college, but also 
to all the other departments of the university. Only one of the four rooms is shown 
in the illustration. It has a most excellent equipment in casts, drawings, and other 
works of art, and a great variety of studies in engineering and architectural work. This equipment is 
continually growing at a rapid rate, and will be held at all times fully up to the demands made uj)on 
it by the classes of both sections of its work. The courses taught include a complete series of studies 
in Industrial Art and accessory work, and provision is made for the instruction of individuals desiring 
special work in free-hand drawing, or water color and oil painting. In the warm season, out-of-door 
classes are formed, and in the winter, classes of students in art take up flgure-drawing from models, 
and from casts selected with care for the purpose. 

Among the collections of this department may be seen manj^ illustrations of the skill attained by 
pupils, in all stages of progress, from the novice taking up the work for the first time, to the artist in 
the full swing of professional success. 

Though the system of instruction in mechanical drawing is exceptionally complete, it is subject 
to frequent revision, and the studies and exercises are regularly reconstructed each year. Professor E. 
C. Cleaves is in charge of this department. 

42 



X9. Zhc E)epartment of Xattn. 




jHE ILLUSTRATION represents the principal lecture-room of the department of Latin, 
in which the illustrative material belonging to the department is kept, as follows : casts^ 
reproductions of coins, a series of thirteen hundred photographs, and a collection of 
antiquities, made by the Professor of Latin, in Italy, embracing inscriptions, cinerary 
urns in marble, glass, and terra cotta, votive offerings and ligurines, vases, terra cotta 
plaques, dishes for table use, lamps, ointment and perfume bottles in glass, bronze 
utensils and ornaments, a series of bronze coins giving portraits of most of the Roman Emperors, 
etc., etc. The aims of the department may be outlined as follows : 

1. To teach'students of fair ability and industry to read Latin understandingly and rapidly, with- 
out tlie delay of translating. 2. To give to students who acquire this power opportunities for the 
reading of considerable quantities of the literature, and for collateral reading in Roman History and 
the History of Roman Literature. All the more important authors not covered in the preparatory 
work are read, namely Horace, Livy, Terence, Plautus, Lucretius, Catullus, Pliny the Younger, 
Tacitus, and Juvenal ; and, in addition, something more is read in Cicero. 3. To afford a more thorough 
and sympathetic knowledge of Roman Private Life than the courses in the literature alone could give, 
through systematic lectures, illustrated abundantly, partly by the collections described above, but 
mainly by lantern views and photographs from the remains of Roman civilization preserved in Pompeii, 
Herculaneum, and Rome. 4. To give to students whose interest extends to the scientific side of the 
language advanced work, by seminary methods, in the study of syntax. 5. To offer special training 
to students who intend to become teachers, partly through lectures, partly through the holding of 
recitations in the field of the preparatory work, and partly through exercises in teaching conducted by 
the members of the class themselves, under the direction and criticism of the professor. The corps of 
teachers consists of Professor W. G. Hale, an Assistant Professor, and an Instructor. 

44 



20. (BreeJi an^ Comparative pbilologi^. 




HE GREEK DEPARTMENT offers unusual advantages not only for undergraduate, but 
also for advanced and graduate students. The work required of students in Arts is 
directed towards cultivating the ability to read easily and at sight, and towards giving 
the student some acquaintance with the scope and meaning of Greek literature and with 
the characteristics of Greek life and thought. For the year 1890-91, there are open to 
the choice of advanced students in Greek and Philology ten different courses of study, the most of 
which are given in the lecture room herewith represented. The Philological Seminary room with its 
library of 800 books of reference is open to the unrestricted use of graduate students and such under- 
graduates as are engaged in special investigation. It forms for such students a regular study-room 
or laboratory. This, with the exception of such objects of illustration as casts, photographs, and 
lantern-slides, forms the chief equipment of the department. The instruction of classes in antiquities, 
art, and literature is assisted by the use of the lantern. The number of candidates for advanced de- 
grees (A. M. and Ph. D.) who are taking their major work in this department is disproportionately large; 
in 1890-91 being ten per cent, of all such in the university. The corps of instruction consists of Pro- 
fessor B. I. Wheeler, an Associate Professor, and an Instructor. 

46 



21. Zhc Ibistortcal Seminary IRoom. 




N THE opposite page is a view of the working room of advanced students in the Presi- 
dent White School of History and Political Science. It is here that a large part of the 
graduate work of the pupils of Professor Moses Coit Tyler and of Professor Herbert 
Tuttle is carried on. The shelves of the room contain such original authorities as com- 
plete sets of the "Congressional Globe," the "Congressional Record," Hansard's "Parliamentary 
Debates," and other works necessary for the most careful study of modern and European history. 
Each student has immediate access to the shelves, and has a drawer in one of the tables in which 
his notes may be stored. The room is open from eight o'clock in the morning until ten at night. 
The School of History and Political Science, which for the jiresent has its headquarters in this room, 
consists of a Professor of Modern History, a Professor of American History, an Assistant Professor of 
Ancient and Medieval History, a Professor of Political, Municipal, and Social Institutions, a Professor 
of Political Economy and Finance, and an Instructor in History. The new library building will furnish 
unsurpassed facilities for advanced study and investigation in connection with the President White 

Library. Professor Herbert Tuttle is Professor of Modern History. 

48 



22. riDorriU IbalL 




ORRILL AND WHITE Halls are buildings erected from the same plans for the accom- 
modation of the various lecture, recitation, and seminary rooms that are called for in the 
general courses of instruction in the University. In these buildings instruction is 
given in Greek, Latin, French, German, Spanish, and Italian, as well as in political 
economy, history, English, mathematics, and some of the branches of natural history. 

In the upper part of Morrill Hall are rooms set apart for the School of Law. This school, although 
organized only four years ago, consists of three professors and an assistant professor, who devote their 
entire time to the work of instruction, besides eight or ten non-resident lecturers of distinction who are 
more or less actively engaged in the work of their profession. In the fourth year after the organization 
of the school there were enrolled one hundred and twenty pupils. The library for the use of students 
consists of about seven thousand volumes. The growth of the school has been so rapid, and the de- 
mands for accommodations are so much greater than the building affords, that the trustees at a meeting 
in February, 1891, provided for the immediate erection of a new Law School building. The Dean of the 

sclioo] is the Honorable Douglass Boardman, for many years a Judge of the Supreme Court. 

50 



23. tlbe doUcQC of Bgriculture. 




HE BOARD OF TRUSTEES have lately decided to appropriate eighty thousand dollars 
for the erection of a building for the use of the College of Agriculture and the experi- 
ment station. This building, of which a cut from the architect's drawings is given, 
when completed, will not only j^romote the work of each department, but will place at 
least four closely allied divisions of the college in the same building. 
The structure will be about two hundred feet long, in shape somewhat like the letter H. The middle 
portion of the building, throughout the four stories, is given up to museum purposes, while tlie ends 
are subdivided into class-rooms and laboratories. The floor space will exceed 40,000 square feet, one 
third of which will be devoted to museum and cabinets of illustrative materials and station appliances. 
In the College of Agriculture two courses are open to students, known as the complete and special 
courses, the former leading to the degree of bachelor of science in agriculture. During the first two 
years the students are thoroughly grounded in the natural sciences, after which, in the last two years, 
instruction is given in agriculture, dairy-husbandry, veterinary science, agricultural chemistr3% economic 
entomology, and horticulture. 

Young men over eighteen years of age, having a good common school education, are admitted, 
without examination, to the special course. Such students may remain two years, and must select at 
least three fourths of their studies from the subjects named above. Professor I. P. Roberts is Director 
of the College. 

52 



24. ttbe "flriBectar^. 




HE IN SECTARY was built to afford facilities for carrying on the entomological part of 
the work of the Agricultural Experimental Station. The characteristic feature of it is a 
conservatory in which plants are grown with living insects upon them. By this means 
the transformation and habits of the insects to be studied can be observed from day to 



day, and experiments for detei-mining the best method of controlling their ravages can be carried on. 
Various forms of breeding-cages are in iise, each adapted for a special purpose. By means of one of 
these the observer can watch the operations of insects feeding on the roots of plants without disturb- 
ing either the plants or the insects. 

The cottage to which the conservatory is attached contains a laboratory, rooms for photographic 
purposes, a store room, quarters for an assistant, and, in the basement, a cold storage room for breed- 
ing cages containing hibernating insects. 

Although the Insectary is primarily intended for the use of the Entomological division of the 
experiment station force, it is also used to some extent by the advanced students in the Department of 
Entomology, to supplement the work carried on in the Entomological rooms in White Hall. Professor 

J. H. Comstock is at the head of the department. 

bi 



25. ^be College of Civil Enoineerina. 




HE QUARTERS of this college are in a red sandstone building known as Lincoln Hall, 
a structure two hundred feet long and seventy-two feet wide with a semi-basement and 
four working floors. The basement contains ten engineering laboratories besides rooms 
for the Superintendent, Mechanician, and a fair sized auditorium. These rooms are 
crowded with machines and apparatus in constant use. 
The first floor contains the offices of the Director and his colleagues, the special engineering library, 
the reading room, two draughting rooms, holding jointly, eighty-six desks, the general museum of the 
college, the museum of fiekl instruments, and the central office of the New York Meteorological Bureau. 
The other floors contain eight lecture rooms, three draughting rooms, the meteorological observatory, 
blue-printing room, photographic laboratory, and an abundance of closet, stock, battery, and store 
rooms. The building is provided witli every convenience for comfort, for the efficiency of the teaching 
done within its walls, and for the safety of its costly appointments. South of the main building are 
the training observatories, fitted with instruments of precision for astronomical and geodetic practice. 

No graduates of this college are known to be out of employment. They find, readily, remunera- 
tive engagements ; generally, befoi-e graduation, and are promoted rapidly. The faculty consists of the 

Director, Professor E. A. Puertes, and eight other Professors and Instructors. 

56 



26. ^be flDueeums of tbe College of Civil JBwQincevinQ, 




HE GENERAL MUSEUM contains the largest number, and the most expensive sets, of 
models and appliances as yet collected for similar purposes in this country ; and unsur- 
passed either in quantity or in usefulness by more than two European institutions. 
This museum furnishes the illustrative material of the lecture rooms, whilst the labora- 
tories of this college supply the necessary opportunity for personal experimentation. The University 
owns an unequalled collection of "progress photographs" of engineering works which, in sash-like 
frames, form the only wall covering of three large rooms and portions of the south hall. The entire 
collection of designs published by the Ecole des Fonts et Chaussees, and several thousand additional 
engravings and blue-prints, not including library portfolios, are used and on exhibition in all the lecture, 
draughting, and computing rooms. The museum of field instruments contains, jointly, eighty-three 
specimens of modern transits, theodolites, altazimuths, omnimeters, taciieometers, plane tables, grapho- 
meters, zenith telescopes, sextants, chronometers, chronographs, compasses, levels, etc., besides a num- 
berless variety of special and accessory field instruments, all in actual use for teaching purposes. A 
skillful mechanician is constantly engaged in the repair and construction of apparatus, with an ample 
appropriation, and special machinery for these purposes. The Museums are in charge of Professor 

C. L. Crandall. 

58 



27. Zbe Xaboratories of tbe CoUcqc of Civil iBnoineerina. 




HE ANNEXED YIEW of the Junior Laboratory shows the appliances which verify the 
mechanical principles developed in the lecture room ; this being the most elementary 
kind of professional instruction "-iven in the laboratories of this college. Adjoining 
this room are : the Bridge Laboratory, for instruction and investigations under the 
direction of specialists ; the Metric, Magnetic, and Geodetic Laboratories, containing a 
dividing engine, pendulum, cathetometers, collimators, dip-circle, magnetometers, a specially designed 
comparator of the highest precision, and the accessory appliances indicated by their purposes in the 
investigation of " standards" and of the theory and magnitude of errors. In the Cement Laboratory 
are determined the specific gravity and composition of cements. The sifting, mixing, moulding, tizue 
of setting, permeability, and strength tests, are obtained automatically. Experiments on piling, foun- 
dations, and masonry structures are also carried on here ; the equipment also embraces an Hydraulic 
Laboratory, richly equipped for the determination of deliveries, coefficients, etc., and a Sanitary Labo- 
ratory for chemical, spectroscopic, bactereological, and biological water analyses, abreast of the modern 
requirements of its fields. 

This college undertakes, gratis, tests, analyses, and investigations, when for public benefit ; for 
private purposes actual cost charges will be made, which can be ascertained beforehand by addressing 
the Director of this college. The laboratories are in charge of Professor I. P. Church. 

60 



28. Zhc Department of Hrcbitecture. 




HE MATERIAL equipment of this department consists of: 1. A library of 1,250 
volumes, including many large and costly works, such as "Grecian Antiquities" 
(Stuart and others), '•Canina," "Piranesi," Napoleon's "Egypt," Prisse d' Avenues' 
"Egyptian Art," Place's "Nineveh and Assyria," Organia's "St. Mark's," "Venice," 
etc. The historical side of architecture is vrell represented, and decoration, sanitation, 
and mechanics fairly so. There are full sets of the leading architectural journals, American and 
European, and nine of these are on the periodical list. 2. A collection of 1,500 photographs, two 
thirds of which are on exhibition in McGraw Hall, the remainder being used for instruction in the 
lecture rooms and study in design. 3. Three hundred models, in wood, stone, and plaster, an en- 
tirely unique collection, representing structural forms. 4. Two hundred specimens of the various 
forms of architectural ornament, sculpture, carving, mosaic, etc., in wood, plaster, terra cotta, stone, 
glass, and metal. 5. A large number of drawings, made for the special purpose of illustrating the 
history and theory of the art, and of engravings, colored prints, and blue prints from working draw- 
ings of eminent architects. 6. A collection of 150 specimens of marbles, granites, and the like, and 
many varieties of building stones ; bricks, plain, moulded, and ornamented ; and tiles of every kind. 
Professor Charles Babcock is at the head of the department. 

62 



20. Unstruction in arcbitecture. 




HE DEPARTMENT of Architecture offers a course of instruction which is designed to 
cover, as fully as is possible in four years, the whole ground of education for the 
profession, from the scientific, the historical, the aesthetic, and the practical point of 
view. Its aim is to give to the student a fair knowledge of things in general as pertain- 
ing to his future occupation, and a specially thorough knowledge of the matters that 
belong exclusively to architects. The course, accordingly, includes a proper amount of mathematics, 
natural and applied science, and modern languages, such as is required of students in other depart- 
ments ; and, in addition, the various technical subjects in which the architectural student is supposed 
to take a special interest, drawing, construction, design, history and development of styles, mechanics, 
decoration, stereotomy, photography, heating, ventilation, acoustics, plumbing, drainage, professional 
practice, office methods, etc. It is intended that when the student leaves the University he shall be a 
competent di'aughtsmaii, qualified to take at once an advanced position in an architect's office. It is 
admitted now that the time has come when architecture must be recognized as a learned profession, the 
leading members of which in the future will be men who have been educated with direct reference to 
its requirements. Besides the head of the department already named, the instructing force consists of 
Professor C. F. Osborne and an Instructor. 

64 



30. Sibley College. 




IBLEY COLLEGE is that section of the University in which is gathered the group 
of departments constituting the " College of Mechanical Engineering and the 
Mechanic Arts,'" which under the provisions of the law of Congress and the Charter of 
the University, are required to be founded and to be maintained for the purpose of 
encouraging the useful arts, and to promote the interests of the industrial classes of 
the State. Its province involves the giving of courses of instruction in the profession of engineering 
and its branches, so far as they are included under the general term ''mechanical engineering," and 
such as are demanded by those who desire to become prolicient in the "mechanic arts." It includes 
all needed lecture and class rooms, extensive drawing rooms, workshops of equal extent, a mechan- 
ical laboratory for the prosecution of engineering investigations and scientific research, and for the 
instruction of graduate and professional engineers, as well as for the somewhat extensive course of 
instruction in methods of experimental work provided for undergraduates. Its outfit is com- 
mensurate with the magnitude of the college, now the largest of its class, consisting of extensive 
collections of apparatus of research, models, in great numbers, including the whole "Reuleaux 
Collection," innumerable drawings of machinery, a large amount of apparatus for special investi- 
gation, gathered in the course of the commercial work, a limited amount of which is undertaken when 
capable of affording profitable instruction, or giving new and valuable information concerning pre- 
viously obscure points in practice. The corps of instruction consists of the Director, Professor R. H. 
Thurston, and twelve other Professors and Instructors. 

66 



31. Xaborator^ of flDecbanical Enaineering. 




HE LABORATORY of the Department of Experimental Mechanics and Research, in- 
tended by the Trustees, from the first, to be made a very prominent part of the establish- 
ment, is probably the most extensive and efficient yet organized. Its equipment, arranged 
for 300 students, and especially as auxiliary to the courses of instruction in graduate 
work, and for investigation, is also, to some extent, employed in commercial work, where 
it maybe made useful to the University, either in the collection of new facts, the promotion of scientific 
investigation, or as offering students opportunities to take part in researches of exceptional extent and 
importance. This equipment includes a series of graded sizes, and various types, of testing machines 
for determining the properties of the materials of engineering, ranging from a wire and thread testing- 
machine, to tliose intended for tests of heavy pieces of metal, ranging in different gradations of a 
capacity from 10,000 to 300,000 j^ounds. It includes a number of -lubricant-testing machines of various 
sizes and designs, ranging from the laboratorj^ apparatus to the Railroad Testing Machine, used in the 
laboratories of the great railways of the country. Tliere are also dynamometers of many forms, a num- 
ber of calorimeters for determining the quality of boiler-steam, steam-boiler "injectors," air and gas- 
engines, of the usual standard kinds; and several "experimental engines," among which is a triple 
expansion engine constructed by Messrs. Allis &- Co., built especially to secure the most complete and 
comprehensive results Professor R. C. Carpenter is in charge of this department. 

68 



32. ^be riDacbinc Sbops. 




HE MACHINE SHOPS constitute that part of the equipment of Sibley College which is 
especially designed to carry into effect the i)lans of the Founder of the University, and 
the Founder of the College, for the promotion of the primary object of organization : 
the instruction of students from, or about entering, the "industrial classes," in the 
" mechanic arts," and to supply that knowledge of the trades subsidiary to engineering 
which must become familiar to every member of the profession aspiring to success and reputation. 

The outfit in the machine shop consists of lathes, planers, milling and shaping machines, etc., 
sufficient to meet the needs of a class of two hundred ; the requirement being, at present, that all can- 
didates for a degree shall spend a specified proportion of their time, for the greater part of two years, in 
these shops ; as well as that all students in " mechanic arts " shall there secure a good knowledge of their 
proposed vocations. The courses of instruction involve a continual progression, in a carefully planned 
and nicely graded series of exercises, that shall give a knowledge of all the most important tools and 
their uses, beginning with the hand tools, the chisel and the file, and concluding with work in the 
actual construction of finished machines, or elements of machines. These exercises are thus made to 
lead the pupil from the simplest to the most complex operations, through the whole intermediate 
range, in such manner that the utmost economy of time, and highest efficiency of instruction are 
insured. Professor J. L. Morris is the head of the department of Mechanic Arts. 



33. ^be jforGiuG Sbop. 




HE FORGING SHOP furnishes instruction of the most systematic kind to mem- 
bers of the regular sophomore class in mechanical engineering, and to all special 
students and " mechanic arts " students not applicants for a degree in engineering. It 
is a large and airy room, containing some two dozen or more forges, with power-ham- 
mer, grinding wheel, and accessory apparatus, and the usual hand-tools. A class of one 
hundred can be handled here, by suitable division into sections ; each section commonly working con- 
tinuously three hours. This shop is unusually well-lighted and ventilated ; the heat of its forges being 
utilized for this purpose, giving a ventilating power of equal efficiency to a steam exhaust-fan of ten 
horse-power or more. 

The exercises are graded, as in the other shops, from the simplest to the most difficult, and include 
instruction in building the fire, and its management ; in shajDing iron and steel ; in welding both 
metals ; and in tool-making and tool-dressing, preparatory to the use of tools in the machine shop. 
Each student makes, finally, his own machine-shop tools, and carries them with him into that depart- 
ment, when passing into it from the blacksmith shop or foundry. In many cases these tools are admir- 
able pieces of work, and would do credit, as would much of the iron work, to old and experienced 
artisans. The welding of copper, a most difficult operation, has often been accomplished, after a little 
instruction, by pupils who had never before seen or handled a blacksmith's hammer. Mr. J. W. 
Granger is the instructor in forging. 

72 



34. Zhc jrount)r\), 




HE FOUNDRY occupies one-half the building containing the forging shop. It is well 
lighted, heated, and ventilated ; and is one of the pleasantest and most attractive 
departments of Sible}^ College. Though the work done here is mainly that familiar in 
all small foundries, yet the most intricate of castings are often made, and it is difficult 
to secure patterns from any ordinary establishment which can not be readily and safely 
moulded by the more advanced students. Like the forging shop, this has proved to be a department 
of instruction very attractive to students. Some tours de force have here been produced that excite 
the astonishment of even old workmen, among its visitors. A number of ingenious devices have been 
invented, also, for the production of peculiarly difficult forms. 

All the castings of the shops, and all the cast-iron work of the University, where not required to 
be of considerable size and weight, are here made. Among the castings regularly produced may be men- 
tioned the frames and smaller parts of the lathes, forming a portion of the regular work of the shops, 
all the small pieces for machine shop exercises, and a large amount of incidental and miscellaneous 
work. The result is not only the affording of opportunities for taking part in such work, but the saving 
of much otherwise unavoidable expense to the University. Mr. J. E. Vanderhoef is the instructor in 



moulding. 



74 



35. ^be Moobworl^ing Sbop. 




HE WOODAVORKING establishment of Sibley College constitutes the first of the series 
of workshops in which manual training and the regular instruction of young engineers 
in the trades which are accessory to their profession are given. The student, immediate- 
ly upon entering the college, begins work in this shop, acquiring, first, a certain ability 
in the handling of tools and the use of the hand, irrespective of the result of the opera- 
tions taught ; then beginning, as he acquires this skill, with the simplest operations known to the 
carpenter, the joiner, and the pattern-maker, and going on, step by step, to the most complex and 
difficult. All the exercises are carefully arranged in this, as in all other departments of the mechanic 
arts school ; and they are all, each year, reexamined and revised, altered, and improved, as experi- 
ence indicates to be advisable • thus insuring steady improvement and the best possible course of 
instruction and practice. 

The course begins with bench work, with the chisel, the plane and saw, and embraces the usual oper- 
ations with those tools, including the construction of various forms and parts of structures, the employ- 
ment of the turning lathes in the production of forms of revolution. Tlie final work is that of the pat- 
ternmaker and the joiner, the student learning thus to make the j^atterns that he is to mould in the 
foundry later, and making them from drawings made by himself or his college-mates in the drawing- 
rooms. He thus gains a good knowledge of the use of tools, of the methods of the trades, and the re- 
quirements of the designer, as thus modified by the exigencies of actual work. Mr. W. H. Wood is 
in charge of the Woodworking Shop. 

76 




^Pl Ij^^p 



"" The subject of our illustration, Mr. W. T. Adams, the founder and 
president of the W. T. Adams Machine Co., of Corinth, Miss., was born 
in Tishomingo County, Mississippi, in the year of 1853. His father, who 
was a mechanic of moderate means, died about the close of the Civil 
War, leaving him a lad of twelve years. All of his father's property, with 
the exception of a home, having been destroyed, and he being the eldest of 
seven children, felt the responsibility of supporting the family, and set to 
work with this purpose, finding work on the farm most of the time for three 
years, being able to attend school only a very small portion of the time. At 
the age of fifteen he secured a permanent position in a store at Rienzi, Miss., 
where he worked during the day and studied at night, thus acquiring a good 
English education and business training. At twenty he was appointed agent 
of the Southern Express Co., and at twenty-two, having saved a small capital, 
purchased an interest in a small foundry mfanufacturing agricultural implements ; 
and with his mechanical turn of mind, and peculiar business tact, succeeding in this, 
in 1879 moved to Corinth and established the present business; which under his personal man- 
agement has grown to be one of the most prominent of the kind in the South. He has also aided 
in promoting many other successful enterprises ; and, like many self-made men, has proven a blessing to 
the country, giving employment to hundreds of hands, and aiding in the development of the resources of the 
New South. 

78 




/ 



LA^nOHA^TORIBS 

) OK THE C ■ — 



Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering 

••• CORNELL UNIVERSITY. -f 

■p AGILITIES for all kinds of Engineering Investigation and Scientific 
Research. Great variety of testing machines for materials — 
15,000, 20,000, 50,000, 100,000, 200,000 and 300,000 pounds capacity; 
oil testing machines ; dynamometers ; and every kind of experimental 
apparatus, including " experimental " steam engines up to 200 H. P. 

In connection with the work in Courses of Instruction leading to T>egrees in 
jMechanical Engineer ing and Electrical Engineering, a limited amount of commercial 
work in tests of the [Materials of Engineering and the trials of Engines, 'Boilers, 
IDynamos, etc., can be done at fixed charges, where the results may be used for the 
benefit of the class. , 




For particulars and prices, address 



R. H THURSTON, Director. 



79 




^TLbc 



ELTON 

* Water wheel 



GIVES THE HIGHEST EFFICENCY OF ANY WHEEL IN THE 
WOR LD. OVER 1,500 IN USE. 

Affords the most simple and reliable power for all mining and 
manufacturing machinery. Adapted to heads running from so 
up to 2,000 or more feet. From 20 to 30 per cent, better re- 
sults guaranteed than can be produced from any other Wheel 
in the country 

ELEQTRIQ TR/1N5ni5510N. 

The advantages the Pelton Wheel affords in the way of a 
uniform and reliable power, close regulation, and the facility of 
adaptation to varying conditions of volume, speed and pressure, 
have brought it into special prominence and extensive use for 
this class of work , . 



MLL applications should state amount and head of water, power required, and for what purpose, with approximate length 
' of pipe line. Catalogues furnished on application to parties interested in developing water powers 



The Pelton Water Wheel Go. 



FELTON WATER nOTORS 

Varying from the fraction of 1 up to 15 and 20 horse-power, unequaied 
for all light-running machinery. Warranted to develop a given amount 
of power with one half the water required by any other 



121 AND 12 3 ivlAiN Street, 



5ai} prai^eiseo, ^al., iJ.5. fl. 



SEND for MOTOFi CIRCULAR- 



ADDRESS AS ABOVE. 



80 



EXTRACT FROM A PAPER ON TANGENTIAL WATER WHEELS, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS BY ROSS E. BROWNE, 

MINING AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEER. 



Sax Francisco, Cal,, November 20, 1890. 

THE function of a water wheel, operated by a jet of water escaping from a nozzle, is to convert the energy of the jet, due to its velocity, into useful 
work. In order to utilize this energy fully, the wheel bucket, after catching the jet, must bring it to rest before discharging it, without inducing 
turbulence or agitation of the particles. It is plain that this cannot be fully effected, and that unavoidable difficulties necessitate the loss of a portion of 
the energy. The principal losses occur as follows : 

First : — In sharp or angular diversion of the jet in entering, or in its course through the bucket, causing impact, or the conversion of a portion of the 
energy into heat instead of useful work. 

Second : — In the so-called frictional resistance offered to the motion of the water by the wetted surfaces of the buckets, causing also the conversion 
of a portion of the energy into heat instead of useful work. 

Third : — In the velocity of the water, as it leaves the bucket, representing energy which lias not been converted into work. 

Hence, in seeking a high efficiency, there are presented the following 
considerations : 

ist. The bucket surface at the entrance should be approximately 
parallel to the relative course of the jet, and the bucket should be curved 
in such a manner as to avoid sharp angular deflection of the stream. If, 
for example, a jet strikes a surface at an angle and is sharply deflected, 
as shown in Fig i, a portion of the water is backed, the smoothness of 
the stream is disturbed, and there results considerable loss by impact and 
otherwise. The entrance and deflection in the Pelton bucket are such as 
to avoid these losses in the main. See Fig. 2, 

2d. The number of buckets should be small, and the path of the 
jet in the bucket short ; in other words, the total wetted surface should 
be small, as the loss by friction will be proportional to this. 

A small number of buckets is made possible by applying the jet 

tangentially to the periphery of the wheel, as provided in the construction 

of the Pelton. 

The discharge end of the bucket should be as nearly tangential to the wheel-periphery as compatible with the clearance of the bucket which 

and great differences of velocity in the parts of the escaping water should be avoided. In order to bring the water to rest at the discharge end 




Fig. I. 




Fig. 2. 



3d. 



follows 

of the bucket, it is easily shown, mathematically, that the velocity of the bucket should be one half the velocity of the jet 

81 



A bucket, such as shown in Fig. 3, will cause the heaping of more or less dead or turbulent water at the point indicated by dark shading. This dead 
water is subsequently thrown from the wheel with considerable velocity, and represents a large loss of energy. The introduction of the wedge in the 
Pelton bucket — see Fig. 2 — is an efficient means of avoiding this loss. A wheel of the form of the Pelton conforms closely in construction to each of 
these requirements. The entrance and deflection of the jet is smooth and induces very little shock. The discharge from the wheel, when running at 

proper speed, is almost entirely at the bottom of the wheel, and the amount of water carried over is small, i. e., 
the loss due to the energy of the discharged water is unusually small. Both feed and discharge are practically 
tangential. The tangential feed admits of the design with a minimum number of buckets — the bucket is short — 
in fact, the entire wetted surface is small, and an important advantage is gained over the partial turbtnes with 
inner feed. The bucket is open, and the rapid passage of the jet is comparatively free. 

In the tests of the Pelton Wheel made by me at the University of California, the diameter of the wheel was 
15 inches, the width of the bucket 1.5 inch, and the efficiencies shown under 50 foot head were as follows : 

With a 7-16 inch nozzle, 82-6 per cent. With a }i inch nozzle, 82.5 per cent. The efficiency was determined 
under as low a head as 8 feet, still showing 73 per cent. 

It is proper to state that the wheel with which the above tests were made was constructed in the workshop 
of the University, and did not conform wholly to the company's standard. The size of the bucket was too 
small to do full justice to the wheel, owing to the difficulty of shaping the curves accurately. It is claimed that 
tests with larger wheels have given higher efficiencies, and I have no reason for doubting the claim. In con- 
nection with the University experiments referred to, comparative tests were also made with a Partial Tuibine, 
Fig. 3. and the following conclusion reached : The Pelton wheel, beside giving a higher efficiency, is simpler in con- 

struction, has a decided advantage in the setting of the nozzle, and is not so dependent upon the precise size of nozzle used. I do not hesitate to express 
the following opinions regarding the Pelton wheel operated by circular jets : 

ist. It will give a high efficiency under a wide range of heads, say from 20 feet upward. 

2d. It will be equally efficient whether operated by very small or very large nozzles, provided the proper ratio is maintained between (he diameter of 
nozzle and size of bucket, etc. 

3d. Its general simplicity of construction is a matter of great advantage in its application as a motor. In designing a plant, the size or number of 
wheels can be more readily adapted to the requirements of speed of shafting and distribution of power, without sacrifice of efficiency or entailment of 
extravagant cost. It becomes practicable to make more direct applications of the power, frequently enabling the avoidance of counter-shafting, etc. 

4th. It meets the requirements of a high-head wheel much more efficiently than do the common forms of turbine. It is evidently far better adapted 
to high heads than the closed or full-running turbines. 

Close turbines are distinctly low head wheels, and are not efficient motors under high heads. A high velocity of the enclosed wheel of a full- 
running turbine causes great agitation and turbulence of the confined water, and it is readily apparent that there occur extravagant losses by impact. 
The superior efficiency of the Pelton, as a high-head motor, is due to the high efficiency of the circular nozzle, the smooth and rapid deflection of the 
water in passing through the open bucket, and the small aggregate amount of wetted surface in the buckets. 

82 





Fig. 3. 

cut showing action of water on a bucket 
with a flat surface. 




THE PELTON BUCKET, 



83 



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Providence, R. I 



\\/iiidlasses and Capstans 



THE KINKST in the WORLD. 

SEND FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE. Address 

FRzANK S. (M ANTON, Agent, P. O. ^ox 5; 
101 



THE 



Perkins Electric Sicitcli Mfg. Co. 



MANUFACTURERS OF 



THE PERKINS INCANDESCENT SWITCHES, 



MADE WITH PORCELAIN BASES ONLY. 




Cut shows Early Riser's Outfit with Dry 
Battery. Outfit furnished with Carbon 
Battery (sal ammoniac', same price. Price 
of Clock separate, $2.50 These clocks 
are reliable time pieces. The electric 
alarm rinE;s two hours unless the circuit 
is broken. It is necessary to get out of 
bed to open circuit. Will ring any size 
bell. Has a positive contact. Mechan- 
ical Alarm is independent of Electric. 
Requires no winding to set electric alarm. 
Can be procured of the Electrical and 
Jewelry Supply Houses. 




2AELY RISER'S OUTFIT-PRICE, $5.50. 



No. 

yo. 

No. 
No. 
No. 
No. 



SIZES OF ELECTRIC SWITCHES. 
1—Cax>ncity tip to 10 Amperes, Single JPole. 



IB 
SO 
40 
75 
100 



Double Pole. 



6- " " 100 ■' I '" preparation. I" ' ' ^ '' ' ^ ' ' ] ' u 

Rated with continuous current ; with alternating current their capacity is increased 50 per cen 
All parts made to gauge and interchangeable. EVERY SWITCH GUARANTEED. 



Call Bells, Burglar Alarms, Annunciators, Telegraph Instruments, Batteries, Door Openers, Push Buttons, Gas 
Lighting Apparatus, Mechanical Telephones, etc., etc., at reasonable prices. 

FRANK C. PERKINS, 209 Central Avenue, DUNKIRK, N. Y. 



Por prices, address 



102 




Double Coat Rubber for Inside Wiring, either 
SOLID OR STRANDED. 




TSHOP GlJTTA-PE RCflA CO . 



MAKES A SPECIALTY OF 



■r High Insulation ? 

ROR NO JVLATXER T-ToW rvlA.NY VOLTS OR WHAT KlNU OK CURRENT, OR 




~^^^' ILLINOIS ELECTRIC MATERIAL CO Chicago, III. 

CENTRAL N. Y. ELECTRIC CO., .... Syracuse, N. Y. 

/MSICD FF=;CDI\/I F^ />. C; "T CD F=! Y : 

420 to 426 East 25th Street, - NEW YORK CITY. 

OCEAN CABLE. HENRY A. REED. MANAGER. 

103 




CABLES FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT BUOYS. 



V, 



FIRE CLAY PRODUCTS OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS. 



OUR PRODUCTS HAVE for MORE than 

30 YEARS BEEN STANDARD 

IN ALL MARKETS. 



Fire Brick, • • 



Gas Retorts, 



Flue Linings, 
Gliimney Tops, 



Cupola Linings, 



Fire Glay, Ail Grades, 
Wall Copings, • 



Assay IWuffles, • 

ETC., ETC. 




Railroad Culvert Pipe, 
Locomotive Fire Box Tile 



Paving Brick, • . 

Gas House Supplies, 

Tile Kiln Supplies, 

Roman Building Brick, 
Gutter Pipe, . • • 

ETC., ETC. 



Send for Pamphlet showing strength of 

our Sewer and Culvert Pipe by tests 

made by a practical Engineer. 



IW ESTIMATES OF THE COST OF OUR WARES delivered throughout the United States and in foreign countries, furnished on application. 

104 



Modern Highw^ 



^ "BOOK CONSISTING OF 

Strain Sheets of Highway Bridges^ 

FOR THE USE OF ENGINEERS, COUNTY COMMISSIONERS 

AND SUTERl/ISORS, 

^ND THOSE INTERESTED IN "BKITDGE BUILDING. 

Full and Complete Strain Sheets of Bridges 

FROM 40 to 200 FEET SPANS, OF P'ARIOUS ROADWAYS AND CAPACITIES. 
Fully Illustrated ami Artistically Printed and Engraved. Edited bv H. G. Welly, Civil Engineer. 

Price ^ $5.00 per Volume. 

Published b}' the GREAT SOUTHERN PRINTING CO., Frederick, (Md. 

TiEJiTDY ABOUT JULY i, 1891. 



105 




Dry Batteries 
• Wire, ' 



, 13 1* IS 16 17 18 



19 20 21 22 23 34< 



^5 26^/^38 ^9 30 

Jl JH J.^ ^* 35 7e 

3? 38 33 40 ~^ "Jo 

^3 44.^5 4e, 4}- 48 



Push Buttons, 

Fire Alarm Bells, 



and 




Electrical Supplies 

At Low Figures. 




Electric Bell outfit, $3.90 



Standard Hotel annunciator. 

hotels wired for lights, call bells or 

FiRE ALARMS. 



.\ddress, 

106 



Frank C. F*ekk;ins, 

205 Central Avenue, DUNKIRK, N. Y. 




Awarded Gold Medal, Paris Exposition, 1889, and Highest Awards for Safes wherever exhibited. 



107 



^^port Ql}esteT Bolt ar^d ^dt Qo. 



^ORT CH^S'^^^' N. Y. 



ivi aNUfacturers of 

COLD PUNCHED, CHAMFERED TRIMMED AND REAMED 






AL50, ^0LT5, K1VET5, WA5MER5, AlLLEb 5TCib B0LT5, 5eT 

5QREW5, Cap 5c:kew5, Etc., Etc. 



Py^/e TICUL/m A ITEmiON GI^EN TO ACCURACY AND QUALITY. 

CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED 



108 



Al ^UMINUM 



( 






CHICAGO. 




PHILADELPHIA. 




BOSTON. 




NEW YORK. 




MILWAUKEE. 




CINCINNATI. 




MONTREAL. 




LONDON. 


^"^ 


^\^\^\^\_^\^\^\^\_^\^'y^\^\^\^\^\^\^'-^\^\^-^^ 





At 



LLOY COMPOSITE 



Containing Metallic Aluminum, Oxide of Aluminum and 
Metallic and Oxide of Copper. 



=^/|\\^ 



^l^e greatest /r[el:al Strei^i^tl^erjer 



= FOR IRON AND BRASS FOUNDERS. 

PRICE, - - - - $8 PER 100 LB. BOX. 

" Let this be the means of our introduction." — WANAMAKER. 



The Hartsfeld Furnace & Refining Co.^ 



Established 1885. 



NEWPORT, KY. 



109 



4^ 4^ 4^ ^^^^ ■# 4^ 4^ 4^ 4?^ 4^ -^-^'^ 4^ •^^''fe 

^S? «? ^]g j^ Jg ?iiii'i? ^W -^M ^S? ^¥1? <,'!?,> ^"ife <^^ 



MK 



m 



(^0fT\b\r/((d 

U/ater 

/T\otor 




Dy9amo5 



^■^. 




Publisher of 







"^^n^ericar^ Woods" 

IS A PUBLICATION relating to American timbers, and in 
' which each one is represented by actual and authentic 
specimens so prepared bs to show transverse, radial and 
tantrentiai views o( the grain. The specimens are so thin as 
to allow the transmission of light and thus the characteristic 
structure of each is beautifully shown. Accompanying text 
gives full information as to the uses, phy-ical and medichml 
properties, range uf groictli, botanical description, etc. The 
specimens and text are gathered together into neat cases 
resembling handsomely bound octavo volumnes, each one 
representing twenty -five species, and selling at 85-00, exprers- 
age prepared. It is in place in every home, library and 
school of whatever grade. 

What Competent People Say of "American Woods." 

Prof. G. F. Swain, Prof, of Civil Engineering, Mass. Inst, of Technology, says. 
"I think your pamphlet and wood sections are not only ex- 
ceedingly interesting, but are also verj- valuable to Engineers 
and others who have to do with woods. I have heard noth- 
ing but praise from those who have seen them. 



C. H. Baker, Esq., C. E., Sjattle, ¥ash.,Sajs: 

" I am charmed with your production — delight- 
ed beyond measure. You must be working more 
in the interest of mankind generally than for 
yourself, to ftirnish the work for so small a com- 
pensation." 



Prof. Chas. E. Bessey, Univ. of Helj., Says: 

"Every botanical department ought to afford 
this set, as the price is very reasonable." 



Prof. A. N. Prentiss, Prof, of Botany of Cornell Univ., Says : 
"I do not see how anything of the kind can be 
more perfect." 

Dr. J. F, Rothrock, Prof of Botany, Uniy. of Pa., Says: 

" Beautiful, beautiful, beautiful indeed are your 
sections 1 " 



Fred E. Field, Esq., Architect, Proviclence, R. I, Says: 

" First-class in its line. It will be of service to 
me in my profession as Architect. Please notify 
me of any succeeding volumes." 



Prof. L. M. Underwood,Prof of Botany,Syracuse Univ., Says: 
"The entire work is as artistic in design as 
faultless in execution." 



E. H. Russell, Esq., Prin. of State Normal School, Worosster, 

Mass., Says ; 

" I do not know of anything so well calculated 
to make young people fall in love with trees as 
this most ingenious device of yours for showing 
the beautiful structure of our common woods. 

"Please accept my thanks, my dear sir, for what 
you are doing to make attractive the study of our 
native trees." 



STEREOPTICOS AND MICROSCOPE PREPAU- 
ATIOKS OF WOODS. These must be seen to be 
appreciated. They are perfect in every way : 
elegantly prepared and accurately labeled. Ko 
one who uses the 8t<-reopticon or microscope 
should faQ to see them. Fuller information and 
prices sent upon application. 

WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS, for fancy 
and busmess purposes. The toughness and ivory- 
like smoothness of these cards (especially when 
we consider that they are sections of wood cut 
across the grain) are a surprise to every one. 
Their printing qualities are unexcelled by any 
paper, and their uniqueness makes them of great 
value for advertising cards, etc. Very dainty are 
they, too, for calling cards, invitations, dinner- 
cards, etc., and as they admit of India ink and 
paint — either oil or water colors —many are used, 
handsomely decorated, as gift cards. Samples and 
prices sent upon application. 

ROMEYN B. HOUGH, (8. A. Cornell '81.1 

l_OW\/ll_UE, ISJ. Y. 




TUERK WATER MOTORS. 



\117HERE a water pressure of 20 lbs. or over can be obtained, 
' " these motors are the cheapest and most durable for run- 
ning printing presses, coffee mills, church and parlor organs, 
ice cream freezers, fans, sewing machines, lathes, dynamos, 
etc., etc. No engineer required; no delay starting or stop- 
ping ; no noise, dirt or damage 



'id'- 



T HE E CLIPSE HYD RAULIC EL E VATOR. 

POR freight or passenger use. Safe, simple, economical, durable. No cables, ropes, 
■'■ pulleys or safety catches needed. Cannot fall or freeze, and no strain on building. 
Always ready, and requires little or no attention. No valuable space occupied outside 
elevator shaft. Stops itself at top and bottom 

In applying for estimates state if for freight or passenger use; the water or steam 
pressure at starting point ; the greatest amount to be raised ; height of lift ; and if car starts from ground 
floor ; nature of soil for a depth equal to total rise of car 

l^*" Testimonials, lists, catalogues and estimates furnished on application to 

THE TUERK hydraulic PO^tf^ER CO. 




3STE-^7s7- -STOI^K:, IST- IT. 



cmo-^o-o, ixjI^. 



112 




/ 



West 



^■^fm£Trt^co.N.r. 






tandard S^ortable 



(^-^ DIRECT-READING 

VOLTMETERS, AMIVIETERS, 

MILLI-VOLTMETERS, 

A- MIL-AIMIVIETERS, 



y^ 



FOR 



DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUITS. 



For prices and other information, address 

Frank C. Perkins, 

E^lectrical Engineer 

No. 2og CENTRAL AVE. , DUNKIRK, N. Y. 




LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 




